Classical element

The four elements is a classical Greek, Presocratic theory of matter, most fully developed by Empedocles (c. 490–430 BC), which posits that the universe is composed of four fundamental elements: earth (γῆ, gē), water (ὕδωρ, hydōr), air (ἀήρ, aēr), and fire (πῦρ, pyr). In Hebrew, these elements are referred to as אדמה (adamah), מים (mayim), אוויר (avir), and אש (esh), respectively. This theory was later adopted and expanded upon by Aristotle, who added a fifth element, aether (αἰθήρ, aithēr), as the substance that made up the celestial spheres. The four elements were believed to interact and combine to form all substances and states of matter observed in the natural world. This concept significantly influenced Western philosophy, science, and medicine for centuries, shaping early understandings of chemistry, physics, and cosmology. In Latin, the elements are known as terra, aqua, aer, and ignis, reflecting their enduring impact on European thought. The theory also found its way into various cultural and esoteric traditions, such as alchemy and astrology, further embedding it in the fabric of historical knowledge systems.