Big Brother is a term that originated from George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, published in 1949. In the novel, Big Brother represents an omnipresent, totalitarian ruler who exercises absolute control over society through pervasive surveillance and propaganda. The term has since entered common usage to describe any form of intrusive surveillance, particularly by governments, but also by corporations or other entities. In Hebrew, the term is translated as אח גדול (Ach Gadol). In Spanish, it is Gran Hermano, and in French, it is Grand Frère. The concept has also inspired various reality television shows around the world, where contestants live in a controlled environment under constant surveillance, a twist on the original Orwellian concept.