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An ancient star calendar is a timekeeping system based on the observation and tracking of stars, constellations, and other celestial phenomena. These calendars were developed by various ancient civilizations to mark the passage of time, predict seasonal changes, and guide agricultural, religious, and ceremonial activities. The concept of a star calendar is deeply rooted in astronomy and astrology, where the movement of celestial bodies was believed to influence life on Earth. In Hebrew, an ancient star calendar is referred to as לוח כוכבים עתיק (luach kochavim atik). Similarly, in Arabic, it is known as تقويم نجومي قديم (taqwīm najūmī qadīm), and in Chinese, it is called 古代星历 (gǔdài xīnglì). Ancient star calendars were particularly important in cultures with advanced astronomical knowledge, such as the Babylonians, Mayans, and Chinese. These calendars often incorporated lunar and solar cycles alongside stellar observations to create comprehensive timekeeping systems. The Babylonian star calendar, for example, was used to predict the heliacal risings of stars, which were crucial for religious and agricultural purposes. Similarly, the Mayan calendar system integrated stellar observations with complex mathematical calculations to create a highly accurate timekeeping tool. The study of ancient star calendars provides valuable insights into the astronomical knowledge and cultural practices of past civilizations.